Status of Rice Production in Kashmir Division of J&k State

Introduction0.05 ha)
1. Rice (Oryza sativa L) is most extensively cultivatedPaddy 1 Nazir Ahmad DarS/O. Habib Ullah Dar
cereal crop in the world. It is a staple food of aboutChatterhama Jehlum Breeders seed 0.2 4.50
2.4 billion or more. In South Asia as whole rice2 Mohd.Maqbool Wani -do- -do- -do- -do- 4.75
provides 23% per capita energy and 16% per capita3 Gh.Nabi DarS/O.Ab.Rehman Dar -do- -do- -do- -do-
protein. Its protein content is modest 7% but it4.75
provides minerals, vitamins and fiber too.4 Ab.Rashid DarS/O Ab.Gaffar Dar -do- -do- -do- -do-
Table 1. Rice Production Statistics in the world3.87
Country 1994 yield/hact/hac 1998 yield/hact/hac5 Mohd Rafiq DarS/O Ab.Gaffar Dar -do- -do- -do-
Differencet/ hac Percentage Increase over years-do- 3.50
China 5.9 6.1 0.2 3.286 Parveez Ahmad MirS/O Gh.Mohd.Mir -do- Chenab
India 2.8 2.89 0.01 0.35Foundation seed -do- 3.00
Indonesia 4.3 4.1 -0.2 -4.887 Mohd. Ashraf MirS/O Ab.Razak Mir -do- -do- -do-
Vietnam 3.5 3.9 0.4 10.26-do- 3.60
Japan 6.8 6.4 -0.4 -6.258 Ab.Ahad BhatS/O Mohd Ismail Bhat Telbal Jehlum
Unites States 6.7 6.3 -0.4 -6.35-do- -do- 3.00
Korea 6.1 6.9 +0.8 11.599 Mudasir Ahmad Bhat -do- -do- -do- -do- 3.60
Pakistan 2.5 2.8 +0.3 10.7110 Gh.Nabi bhatS/O Ali Mohd Bhat -do- Chenab
Egypt 7.9 - - -Foundation seed -do- 4.00
Iran 4.4 - - -11 Gh.Nabi Wani -do- -do- -do- -do- 3.60
Peru 5.8 - - -12 Ab.Rehman BhatS/O Abdul Aziz Bhat Khudwani
Table 2. Rice Production in Indian StatesJuhlum Foundation seed -do- 4.00
1994 1998 Difference13 Ab.Rehman BhatS/o Mohd.Sidiq Bhat -do- -do- -do-
West Bengal 1.9 2.2 +0.3-do- 4.00
Haryana 2.5 2.8 +0.314 Bashir Ahmad BhatS/O Md.Shaban Bhat -do- -do-
Punjab 3.7 3.5 -0.2-do- -do- 4.00
Tamil Nadu 2.3 3.0 +0.715 Mohd Shaban Mattoo S/O Gh.Rasool Mattoo -do-
Andhra Pradesh 2.6 2.9 +0.3-do- -do- -do- 4.00
Jammu & Kashmir16 Gh.Mohd.DarS/O Gh.Rasool Bhat -do- -do- -do- -do-
Kashmir 2.5 2.8 +0.34.0
Jammu 1.6 1.9 +0.317 Shabir Ahmad BhatS/O Gh.Rasool Bhat Shalimar
Jammu and Kashmir had the unique distinction ofChenab Breeders seed -do- 3.50
having introduced land reforms. About 1.82 lakh18 Ah.Ahad BhatS/O Riyaz Ahmad Bhat Shalimar
hectares of land were distributed. Out of it aboutChenab Breeder seed 0.2 3.00
0.94 lakh hectare were distributed free of cost19 Bashir Ahmad LoneS/O Gh.Nabi Lone -do- -do- -do-
among peasants. Although absentee landlordism was-do- 3.60
abolished. Over years a neo-land holders have come20 Md.Maqbool MirS/O Gh.Rasool Mir -do- -do- -do-
into existence which are comparable to absentee land-do- 3.0
owners if not landlords holding largeCost of Production and Returns ha-1
“Jagirs”.Cost/Unit Field
The reform was bound to achieve the twin purposeExperimental station with approved package of
of giving the cultivator his rightful place in the socialpractice Farmers practice
system and also ensure more efficient utilization ofTotal direct cost of production per hectare (up to
the state’s resources.packaging) Rs.20,500/- Rs.14,500/-
The main objective to achieve self-sufficiency inTotal return/ha Rs.84,000/- Rs.59,000/-
terms of rice production, although leaped forwardNet profit Rs.63,500/- Rs.44,500/-
from mere few lakh tones to 0.86 million tones.Average performance of Minikit Results of Paddy
However, the major break through has beenover the
hampered due to various causes. A problem causeValley (6 Districts during Kharif 2002 & Kharif
analysis done by us in the past could be summarized2003.
in Fig. 1.A. Lower Belts
ProblemsS.N Name of the Cultivar Yield/hacKharif Kharif2002
Rice production in the State of Jammu &2003 Mean Rank %increase over check(Jehlum)
Kashmir is predominantly a mono-cropped activity.1. SKAU-105 63.63 62.35 62.99 1 10.51% over Jehlum
The area is about 40% in Jammu Division &and 17% over Chinab (SKAU-23)
60% in Kashmir Division. The irrigation availability is2. SKAU-337 63.73 56.71 60.22 2 5% & 13.6%
around 91% as against 99% in Haryana &Respectively.
Punjab. The Haryana and Punjab irrigation is assured,3. SKAU-27(Jehlum) 57.84 56.23 57.00 3
which means free from climatic changes, as most of4. SKAU-23 (Chinab) ------ 53.21 53.21 4
it come from underground water sources. OurAverage performance of Minikit Results of Paddy
irrigation potential in Kashmir for rice is snow bound.over the Valley (6 Districts during Kharif 2002 &
Most of it is through canal system, which dry upKharof 2003).
during draughts and flood during heavy rains andB. Higher Belts
excessive snow.S.No. Name of the cultivar Yield /hac.Kharif 2002
In spite of the climatic changes over years RiceKharif 2003 Mean Rank % increase over 332 &
production has registered growth which mayKhosar (check entries)
fluctuate with climatic conditions. Our food grain1. K-312 43.33 42.07 42.70 3 Both the entries i.e K312
production of 22.59 lakh tones by the end of 9th plan& K475 have yielded below over the check
registered a quantitum jump over 8th planentries
productivity of 13.56 lakh tones. A similar up ward2. K-475 45.59 41.62 43.06 2
trend is discernible with regard to chemical fertilizers3. K-332 42.04 42.71 42.35 4
which have gone up from 43400 metric tones to4. K-429 (Kohsar) 50.17 42.81 46.05 1
72400 metric tones during the same period.Average performance of SKAU-105 in District Yield
The common enhancement factors like;Trial conducted at Rice Research & Regional
1. Improved seeds including hybrids both seedStation Khudwani Anantnag from 1989-2003.
production, certification and distribution amongSN Vty. 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1998
farmers needs critical evaluation.2000 2001 2002 2003
2. The use of production recommendations by the1. SKAU-105 68.52 67.06 70.18 60.20 62.50 70.60 67.75
farmers needs effective transfer of technology72.20 75.70 79.20 84.20 88.60
mechanism with wide spread use of electronic and2. SKAU-5Check 52.96 55.40 48,57 53.00 52.50 63.05
print media along with on the job-training modules to51.94 - - - - -
Agriculture Extension Workers.3. Jehlum Check - - - - - - - 63.54 66.90 69.53 70.78
3. The whether dependent irrigation system has to74.50
be replaced with permanent or semi-assured irrigationSeed Supplied to the different KVK’s for
potential especially in Khandi belts.multiplication by the Division of Plant Breeding &
4. Timely supply of inputs like fertilizers, weedicides,Genetics
fungicides, pesticides, along with fortification ofS.No. Name of the KVK’s Crop Variety Class
humus (animal waste or organic manure use) &of seed Qty. supplied (Kgs)
or other essential nutrients like potash, zinc sulphate1. KVK, Malangpora (Pulwama) Maize C15 FS 12
etc. as per soil testing reports.Paddy Jehlum FS 30
Needs and solutions2. KVK, Pombay (Anantnag) Paddy K332 BS 160
Low productivity causes: analysis scenario can beKohsaar BS 92
seen Fig. 1a) Non-availability of quality paddy seedMaize C15 FS 50
Total land under riceShalimar KGMaize-1 BS -
Kashmir Division 1.61 hectaresShalimar KG Maize-2 BS -
Distribution cropping area in hacFrench Bean Shalimar French Bean -1 BS -
High Altitude - 0.3 lac hectareCowpea Shalimar Cowpea-1 BS 5
Low altitude - 1.3 lac hectareMoong Shalimar Moong-1 BS 5
Seed requirement3. KVK, Srinagar Maize C15 FS 15
Certified seed : Seed rate 60 Kg/haci.e. 60 x 1.60 hac4. KVK, Kupwara Paddy Jehlum FS 80
= 96 lac kgsMinikit results of check cultivars
For 10% replacement/year = 9.6 lac Kg.A.
9,600 quintalssay 10,000 quintalsLower Belts Higher belts
Thus we need certified seed in the ratio of;Jehlum Kohsar / K 332
High altitude rice varieties 2200 quintalsS. No. Districts n Yield (t/ha) n Yield (t/ha)
Low altitude rice 7800 quintals1. Srinagar 6 5.9 2 6.8
Total 10000 quintals2. Budgam 4 6.2 3 4.2
For above certified seed we need Foundation Seed3. Anantnag 6 4.6 2 (K 332) 3.9
approx.4. Pulwama 6 6.8 2 4.0
High altitude belt 50 quintals land5. Baramulla 6 5.8 2 4.0
Low altitude belt 150 quintals 100 kanals - SKUAST,6. Kupwara 5 5.3 1 6.2
may produce itB. Experimental yield _____ 6 – 6.5 --------- 4.2
Breeder seed needs– 4.7
High altitude varieties 1.5q landCritical gaps (B-A) ------- 0.7 -1.2 Nil
Low altitude varieties 4.5q 10 kansls – SKUATC. State average irrespective of cultivars 2.1 Critical
may produce itgaps 3- 4 t /ha-1
Certified seed need 10,000 quintalsD. Production farm average May be 2.5 -do-
Land 2000- 3000 kanalsE. Yield average in farmer’s plot through
Say 5000 kanalsvarious trial by SKUAST-K under IVLP programme 3.3
10 seed villages of 500 kanals in 6 Districts –(farmersPractice) 5.4(With technological intervation)
can be used to produce it under joint supervision ofDocument No. III Future Policies
SKUAST-K & Department OfficersorA. Technology Transfer in agro-ecosystems
Allow post-graduate unemployed graduate 12 toperspective
supervision village seed production under SKUAST1. To meet the growing needs of food grains for
scientist and seed certification staff of department.increasing population emphasis should be given on
(G.M.Wani)small production systems to achieve sustainability and
Director Extension Educationoptimum resource use. Benefits of agro-ecosystem
Document II : Targets and achievementsanalysis in the form of resource inventory,
Targets & Objectives:a) The food availability peridentification of crops, cropping patterns and potential
person per day as per the ICMR recommendations isproduction zones, problem and causes analysis for
420 grams. The food produced in J&K in 301low productivity etc., need to be considered.
gms/day/person. Therefore, we have roughly 1/3rd2. Small production systems are characterized by
food grain shortage in the State. However, theproduction basically meant for self consumption.
shortages may be higher in view of the report of Dr.Training activity need to be modified to achieve
M.S.Swaminathan (2003) which says that theincreased productivity in mixed farming systems.
consumption of food grains in J&K is higher thanProduct diversification through introduction of various
those recommended by ICMR norms. In rural Kashmiralternate crops and income diversification of small
rice consumption is 489 gm (per person per day andfarmers especially rural youth and school dropouts by
in urban it is 428 gm per person per day). Thus peroffering training on farm income generation activities
capita rice consumption is higher than recommendedlike introduction of back yard poultry, wormiculture,
ICMR norms.b) Projecting the population of 40 millionhoney, mushroom production, goatry, dairy etc.
with rice as staple food, in an area of 1.60 lac3. In case of green revolution production system
hectares for rice we need a yield potential of 5(Progressive farmers) technology transfer would be
tonnes/hageared up to achieve maximum productivity of
Explanation:individual crop. Training activity need to be further
Assuming 500 gm rice per person per day, we wouldstrengthened by incorporation of various promising
need 2 quintals paddy per person per annum. i.e fortechnologies. For example in case of rice, introduction
40 lac people, we need 80 lac quintel or 8 lac tones.of hybrid rice production technology for breaking yield
An area of 1.60 lac hectares under rice would needbarriers. Training activity on hybrid rice production
roughly 5t/hac production to meet our requirements.techniques can become the part of school curriculum.
With the present productivity of 2.5t/h in KashmirSimilarly demonstrations should also be simultaneously
division, the target is difficult but could be achieved.taken up to prove the yield potentiality of new crops
Yet with increase in population over years, we mayand new technologies/components. Multi-component
find “Self sufficiency a dream only”demonstrations need to be further strengthened.
To attain productivity of Rice at the rate of 5t/hacExtension activities like field days, film shows would
both in higher and lower belts. This would needalso add further strength in this direction.
replacement of present seed varieties in the1. Emphasis on commercial production systems would
farmer’s fields with higher yielding varietiesinclude identification of crops and products which
evolved by SKUAST. A modest approach to replacehave demand in international market like medicinal
the 10% paddy seed each year can be executedaromatic rice of export value etc. Training
under present infrastructure and land availability. Theprogrammes and demonstrations would include
question of future sustainability of rice production totechnologies for production of various crops having
feed increasing population may need further increaseexport value with due regard to quality and less
in seed replacement schedules by 20 -30% each yearpesticide residue effects. More focus should be given
which may need a proper planning and organization.to eco-friendly technologies like integrated pest
Aim for future : Self sufficiency in Rice productionmanagement trough IPM techniques, integrated
Target : 5t/hac production of Ricenutrient management through use of vermicompost
Factsand organic farming. Linkages of progressive farmer
1. Under farmers field we have attained a yield of 3-5groups with renowned export firms would be
t/hac using improved seed. The details of theestablished to make export process more
investigation at formers field and by the farmer maytransparent.
be seen - Table 2.12. Farmers would be equipped with safe and suitable
The improved package of practices prepared bytechnologies for increased production of such items
SKUAST and when used by farmers resulted intowhich have global market. This is essential
total returns of Rs. 84,000/hac as against Rs. 54,000requirement under globalization under GATT especially
hac by usual farmers practices. Thus under presentto safeguard human health with minimal pesticide or
conditions a net profit of Rs. 63,500/hac wasother residues.
attainable from Rice production which indicates rice3. Experience from KVK, Medak in Andhra Pradesh
production a profitable enterprise – Table 2.2suggests that rural women play an important role in
2. During Kharif 2002 & 2003, the three SKUASTpreservation of biodiversity of various plans having
varieties yield 6t/hac under farmers fields. Thesevalue in terms of food, high productivity, resistance
minikit trails were conducted jointly by SKUASTto various biotic and abiotic stresses apart from
& Agricultural Department experts in all the 6usefulness in treatment of various diseases of plants,
districts of the valley. They were monitored andanimals and human beings. Efforts have already been
discussed in the Zonal Research Extension Advisorymade in the form of creating awareness for
Committee meetings held in 2002 & 2003. Theidentification of varieties, species and plants. Women
details variety wise yields/hac are shown in Table 2.3work force training is still a weak link in our Rice
for lower belt rice fields Table 2.4 for higher altitudeProduction system.
rice fields.KVK’s may prepare farmers to preserve
An review of the two tables indicate that underbiodiversity. This needs proper linkages with lead
upper rice land belts (high altitudes) the SKUASTinstitutes. The main objective would be to establish
varieties have proved a potential of 4.5 q/hac andan altogether innovative concept of “Rural
under low rice zone, lower belts, a higher potential ofgenebanks” by proper harnessing of
6t/hac was attained. The two combined suffice toindigenous wisdom and scientific talent.
our present needed yield under yield conditions on an4. Education & Training
average 5t/hac. Thus, the target is attainable &Rural women constitute major workforce in Indian
achievable.agriculture. Studiesconducted and data generated in
3. Under scientific farm conditions at SKUAST Ricethis regard suggests that in spite of their significant
Research Station, Khudwani, a yield potential of 8.8 trole in food production, value addition, conservation
hac was achieved Table 2.5, otherwise too underof bio-diversity and environment etc, they remained
field conditions with use of productionas invisible farmers. The invisibility of women as a
recommendation a yield potential of 6.8 t/hac wasfarmer is due to the fact that women are engaged
reported Table 2.6mostly in production activity but they don’t
Under Village Linked Extension Educationhave a role to play in remunerative activity. We must
programmes, the farmers practices yielded 3.3 t/hacfocus on effective use of small tools and implements
and when one or two intervention like replace ofto reduce women drudgery, training on income
wooden plough with Shalimar plough was made ageneration activities to facilitate greater role in
yield potential of 5.4 t/hac was achieved. Thus, underdecision making and economic independence of rural
present status of technology already demonstratedwomen. Efforts would also be made to utilize their
to farmers through Agriculture Department, a yieldun-exploited potential in conservation of germplasm
potential required 5 – 6 t/hac has beenthrough establishment of rural genebanks and linking
demonstrated. Now it is for effective extensionthem to national repository by proper training and
mechanism at Directorate of Agriculture level toguidance.
extend the technological awareness. For detailed5. Information Technology
policy projections, document III may be seen.Revolution in information technology and
4. Hybrid Seed PropagationIndia’s contribution in this regard has created
The hybrid rice production technology in China hasedge over the globe. It is proposed to utilize this
yielded 9.9 t/hac of rice. This coupled with growthpowerful tool to bring revolutions in transfer of
duration of 123 days and milling recovery rate oftechnology process in J&K. A beginning has to
68.7% do promise to boost our productivity oncebe made. The main agenda here would be to evolve
more as in 1970 through use of Chinese hybrid seedan innovative concept, “e-Farmer, E-KVK and
technology but this hybrid technology is webbed withE-extension” for rapid and effective
certain problems too.a. Use new seeds every year: Itcommunication and transfer of technology.
is a seed dependant technological intervention, which6. Investments made in the past in the field of
under our present set up may prove more failureagricultural research, education and extension system
than success on its wide use. However, for pilot fieldhas now created large “standing
studies and under research management farms wecapacity” for India, in terms of availability of
may continue its use as future long term strategy.b.scientific man power and infrastructure.
Seed rate is 20Kg per hectare as against 60 Kg perGlobalization of agriculture and advancement in the
hectare, but seeds harvested from previous hybridfield of information technology has set new agenda
crops can not be used. Until our farmers are fullyfor generation, assessment and dissemination of
trained and acquainted with the technology. Its usetechnologies in agricultural and allied fields. Hence,
needs to be limited to Govt, University orthere is an urgent need to reorient the present
progressive farmers farms only.c. The advantage ofextension system in general and the technology
hybrid seed with less seed rate is hidden in its hybridtransfer process in Particular
vigor potential. These seeds have rapid root growth7. The following broader areas need to be set into
and greater leaf area development potential. Thusmotion for technology transfer
more number of spikelets per unit area, increase· Rural income generation
productivity.· Environment preservation
Detailed requirements for hybrid rice cultivation at· Conservation of biodiversity
present are beyond the capacity of our farmers. A· Sustainability of natural resources
detailed description on hybrid seeds in China can be· Diversification
seen in any web page & is reproduced herein· Improvement in status of women and
for reference (Annexure-1)other disadvantaged groups
Performance of participatory Seed Production· Exploitation of commercially viable
Programme conducted in two Districts of Kashmirtechnologies and enhancement of export potential
Valley during Khairf, 2004 (Crop Rice)8. Reformation model Annexure I, SKUAST
Crop Name of farmers Village Variety Class of seedcomponent of Broad Base Agric.Extension Model
Area sown {ha) Qty. of seed product,q/kanal or qAnnexure II & other documents are enclosed.